Exercise for Diabetes
It is widely accepted that exercise is an important strategy that is central to the prevention, care and management of individuals living with Type II Diabetes Mellitus (TD2M). T2DM results when there is decreased secretion of insulin from the pancreas and from insulin resistance, causing hyperglycaemia (high blood sugar levels).
Benefits of Exercise
Improved Glycaemic control: reduces the risk of accelerated cardiovascular, renal and ophthalmic diseases. The exercise-induced benefits from regular aerobic and resistance training are; increased insulin sensitivity, insulin dependent glucose uptake, increase in muscle capiliarisation and blood flow, which simply means improved blood sugar control.
Body composition: decreasing body fat and increasing lean muscle mass.
Cardiorespiratory fitness: associated with a reduction in cardiovascular disease and lowers blood pressure.
Physical functioning: improved ability to perform various activities of daily living (ADLs)
Overall wellbeing: studies show that regular exercise improves physiological as well as psychological wellbeing. Exercise Considerations for T2DM The risks of any adverse events are low in people with T2DM exercising at low - moderate intensities.
Considerations around the timing of medication, meals and exercise need to occur to ensure safety and management of BGL.
Self-monitoring of BGL pre and post exercise is also a great strategy.
Some other considerations with exercise to be monitored: Hypoglycaemia (low blood sugar) BGL<4mmol/L. Some symptoms of hypoglycaemia are feelings of light-headedness, shakiness, and fainting (although symptoms can vary among individuals). Ingesting extra carbohydrates before and during exercise may be required to prevent hypoglycaemia (can and should be discussed further with a Dietitian/Diabetic Educator).
Peripheral neuropathy (reduced sensation in hands and feet) is also an important safety aspect to take into account. Ensuring appropriate footwear is worn, regular foot inspections (by a Podiatrist) and low impact exercise is recommended for these individuals.
References: Colberg, S., et al (2016). Physical Activity/Exercise and Diabetes: A Position Statement of the American Diabetes Association. Diabetes Care Hordern, M., et al (2012). Exercise prescription for patients with type 2 diabetes and pre-diabetes: A position statement from Exercise and Sport Science Australia. Journal Of Science And Medicine In Sport
